During the Roman period, Mdina, then called Melite, became a vital administrative hub in the Mediterranean. Under Roman rule, the city thrived, with the construction of notable buildings, aqueducts, and other infrastructure. Archaeological evidence suggests that this era marked Mdina's transformation into a bustling urban center, benefiting from Roman engineering and trade networks. The remains of Roman villas and other artifacts reflect the city’s prosperity during this period.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Mdina entered a phase of stagnation, but its strategic importance kept it relevant. The Byzantines maintained control over the city until the Arabs arrived in the 9th century. The Arab influence left a lasting mark, especially on Mdina’s urban design and architecture. They introduced narrow, winding streets that served both as fortifications and climate regulators, creating a cooler, maze-like structure. They also strengthened the city walls, which gave Mdina its fortress-like appearance. Today, the layout and the few remaining Arabic architectural features are vivid reminders of this influence.
In the medieval period, Mdina was Malta's capital until the arrival of the Knights of St. John in 1530. The Knights moved the capital to Birgu (now Vittoriosa) but preserved Mdina as a center of nobility and religious authority. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the city underwent Baroque renovations, especially after the 1693 earthquake. This reconstruction introduced grand facades and Baroque aesthetics, most prominently seen in St. Paul’s Cathedral, which dominates Mdina’s skyline and serves as an emblem of its resilience.
Today, Mdina remains a vibrant historical site, attracting visitors who seek to explore its rich past. The city’s cobbled streets, palaces, and fortifications are remarkably well-preserved, offering an immersive glimpse into Malta’s layered history. Mdina’s popularity as a tourist destination highlights its significance as a living museum, where visitors can appreciate not only its architectural splendor but also its evolution through millennia of Mediterranean history.
Mdina: Malta’s Timeless 'Silent City' and Living Museum
