Chalcedon became one of a dozen Greek fishing colonies along the shores of the Propontis.
Persian attacks on Asia Mino0r occasionally aimed at Constantinople. When they did, they inevitably imperiled Chalcedon.
A wealthy trading town, Chalcedon was incorporated into the Persian Empire around 516 BC. In the following century it became part of the Athenian empire.
In the aftermath of the Greek Ionian rebellion against Persian rule, Chalcedon was put to the torch by the Persian in 494 BC after their populations had abandoned the city.
The city later rebuilt and Chalcedon became a member of the Athenian Confederacy.
In the first state of Peloponnesian War of 431-404 BC Chalcedon was still loyal – in 424 the general Lamachus and his army were able to seek assistance there after their ships were destroyed in a flash flood in an estuary.
The Athenians placed pressure on the citizens of Chalcedon by recovering all the property that they had stored for safekeeping with neighboring Bithynians and then constructed a wooden blocking the city off from help on the landward side.
In 387 BC, Chalcedon again came under Persian control, where it remained its liberation by Alexander the Great in 334 BC.
Chalcedon was the site of a major church council on October or 451 AD in which the dual nature of Christ’s divinity and humanity was accepted.
Chalcedon was attacked by the Arabs in the 7th century. In 1350 it was conquered by the Ottomans.
History of Chalcedon
